In 325 B. C. Alexander the Great decided to return to the west at the mouth of Indus. The great Macedonian army provided by a number of nations started its campaign through Gedrosia (Baluchestan) commanded by Alexander. His fleet supported the ground army under the command of Nearchus on Oman Sea. Greek geographers divided Baluchestan into three regions: Oritiae, the Coast of Fish Eaters and Gedrosia. Alexander faced a number of challenges while crossing the three regions, partly due to his army’s unfamiliarity with the area. In fact, the severity of these problems was far greater than were anticipated from the beginning of the war on the border of Granicus up to the end of it on the mouth of Indus. Alexander, in spite of knowing that Gedrosia had a severe nature and lack of the foodstuffs and grass plots, decided to cross it because of his self-pride and his supernatural ability. Did he succeed to reach all his ambitious goals? Since Gedrosia did not have a central advanced urbanization system, how it this perceived by historians and geographers?This article aims not only to answer the two mentioned questions but also explain the whole operations by Alexander and his army in Gedrosia, the circumstances of their coming in contact with environment and geographical phenomenon’s of the region according to Greek historians and geographers on the basis of descriptive-analysis method.

Purpose: To report results of A/V crossing adventitial sheathotomy for the treatment of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) associated with macular edema and hemorrhage. Methods: We performed surgical decompression of BRVO via pars plana deep vitrectomy (lens sparing), PVD induction, and A/V crossing adventitial sheathotomy in 3 patients with severely decreased visual acuity (20/200<). Because of macular hemorrhage, edema, and ischemia, these cases were not good candidates for grid macular photocoagulation. Reperfusion of the retina was observed by surgically separating the overlying retinal arteriole from the venule following vitrectomy and adventitial sheathotomy techniques.Results: Intraoperative decompression of the A/V crossing was achieved in all three patients. All patients showed improvement as determined by fundus examination, photography, and fluorescein angiography. Post operative visual acuities improved in all cases.Conclusion: Surgical decompression of BRVO via A/V crossing sheathotomy is a technically feasible procedure that can result in rapid reperfusion of the retina. Resolution of macular hemorrhage, edema, and ischemia may improve visual prognosis in patients with this common retinal vascular disorder.

Melon is an important crop cultivated in moderate climate regions of the world. One of the most important diseases of this plant is vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (Fom). Infection of farm by this pathogen can result in huge damage around the world. Development of resistant varieties is the most effective method for disease control. Four races of 0, 1, 2 and 1, 2 have been reported for this pathogen and 1 is more versatile and dangerous races especially in the north half of Iran. Garmak, as an important variety in Isfahan province, is susceptible to race 1. Single dominant gene of Fom-2 induces resistance against race 0 and 1. In this research, the resistance gene was transferred from Isabelle into Garmak using SNP marker assisted back-crossing. The screening of plants in BC1, BC2, and BC3 generations was carried out using artificial inoculation. This gene was sequenced partially in parental genotypes and resistant and susceptible alleles were discriminated. In order to verify the resistant plants survived after artificial inoculation in BC3, plants were genotyped using the SNP marker and HRM method. This method distinctly separated three genotypes (RR, Rr and rr) from each other. The resistance of most plants was verified by molecular method. However, among resistant genotypes identified by artificial inoculation method, there were some susceptible plants identified by molecular method, indicating the more confidence of molecular method in genotyping of plants. With selfing of BC3 resistant plants and selection of homozygote resistant plants, it is possible to develop resistant Garmak variety.

Teaching English in an Iranian and Islamic culture poses complex questions for both teachers and learners. In this paper, the authors intend to shed light on what it means to teach English as a foreign language (TEFL) in an Islamic-Iranian context. Having reviewed the colonial and postmodern views of English language teaching, the authors took a look beyond the current state of TEFL in Iran, which is marked by its continuing global tendency, and into the future with an emphasis on the importance of including the local specificities of the Iranian culture and religion. The status of the TEFL in Iran and the direction it should take in the future are accompanied by offering some solutions to inherent problems. Iranian TEFL is introduced as the successful assertion of Iranian local culture against the cultural and ideological domination of the West, which can be an antidote to the harshness of all marginalizations Iranians have suffered for centuries.

In order to determine the effect of root canal sealer on microleakage of obturated root canals by lateral condensation technique (LCT)-with and without tug-back (TB), seventy extracted single root canal teeth were examined. After preparation of root canal with step-back technique, teeth were divided to six groups as follows: 5 teeth as positive control group that obturated by LCT with gutta-perch without sealer. 5 teeth as negative control group in which entire root surfaces and apical foramen coated with nail varnish, and four experimental groups (each group consisted of 15 teeth). Group I ZOE with TB, group II ZOE without TB, group III Roth sealer with TB, and group IV Roth sealer without TB. Then the teeth were immerssed in Pelikan ink for 72 hours and weparated in two peices through vertical long axis. Stereomicroscope observation showed that TB groups (I & III) have statistically less microleakage than non TB groups (II & IV) (P<0.0001). There were no significant differences between two TB groups. Results also showed no relationship between root canal sealer and apical leakage with and without TB in both type of sealers.